Translation-Related Terms
Translation
Translation is the transfer of meaning from one language to another. Translation takes place in writing and interpreting is its oral counterpart. The two terms are often confused. At its best, a successful translation should read as if it were originally written in the new language.
Communication
Communication is the transfer of an intended message, and this is the purpose of language itself. Obviously, this process can be divided into two broad stages: transmission (speaking, writing) and reception (listening, reading). But there are two stages: before transmission, formulating the message accurately (coherence) and after reception, understanding the message accurately (assimilation). These sound like simple processes, yet in fact they are not: for example, how often do we really have the patience to listen closely to what someone else is telling us?
Consecutive Interpreting
The interpreter starts to translate only after the speaker has finished his/her utterance. Often used at smaller conferences etc., generally used in courtroom settings, speeches. Just one interpreter is often enough.
Dialect
A dialect is a form of speech peculiar to a particular region. Dialect also means A subordinate variety of a language with non-standard vocabulary, pronunciation, or grammar.
Chuchotage
The interpreter is posted beside the client and in real time discretely 'whispers' his/her translation of the speech activity.
Discourse
Discourse is modes of speaking and writing which involve participants in adopting a particular attitude towards areas of socio-cultural activity such as in racist discourse, officialese, etc.)
Discourse Analysis
In this context, the study of meaning using a large unit of translation, e.g. paragraph or page level, and taking into account the widest possible context.
Discourse Markers
Discourse markers are words such as 'good', 'but', uh-huh', 'well' that divide up and also link sections of speech.
Effectiveness
Effectiveness means optimum achievement of a communicative goal.
Free Translation
Free Translation means translating loosely from the original. Contrasted with word for word or literal translation, this may be the best method depending on the most appropriate unit of translation involved.
Honorifics
All languages have particular ways of showing politeness (French tu/vous).
Idiolect
Features of language variation characteristic of an individual speaker: basically, everyone has a unique way of talking.
Inflection
Inflection means a change in the form of (a word) to express tense, gender, number, mood, etc.
Internationalization
Internationalization is the process of generalizing a product so that it can handle multiple languages and cultural conventions without the need for re-design. Internationalization takes place at the level of program design and document development.
Interpreting
Interpreting can be defined as the translation of speech orally, as opposed to translation of written texts. It requires special skills (note taking, summarizing, language skills), a good memory, sheer mental stamina and, often, arduous training. There are several types of interpreting: simultaneous, consecutive, liaison.
Simultaneous interpreting
The interpreter starts to translate before the speaker has finished his/her utterance. Most often used at large events such as conferences and carried out by panels of at least two interpreters using special equipment. As this type of work is particularly tiring and stressful, the rule of thumb is that an interpreter should be able to take a break after 45 minutes of continuous work.
Liaison interpreting
Liaison interpreting is a generic name for business interpreting; also just interpreting for trade conventions and other general business situations. Usually refers to the activities of a single interpreter who accompanies an individual or delegation around.
Consecutive interpreting
The interpreter starts to translate only after the speaker has finished his/her utterance. Often used at smaller conferences etc., generally used in courtroom settings, speeches. Just one interpreter is often enough.
Much is left to talk about......
محمد أحمد الدقس - جامعة حلب
كلية الآداب الثانية بإدلب
قسم اللغة الإنجليزية
مادة الترجمة
[ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط]