تاريخ الادب

* The Victorian Period (1832-1900):
It was the reign of Queen Victoria (1837-1901) and it had two beginnings:
-Political beginning: in 1815; the defeat the Napoleon.
-Literary beginning: in 1832; the defeat of Sir Walter Scott.

* The Social and Economic scenes:
•Working classes were not allowed to join the trades union.
•The price of bread was kept high.
•An age of extremes as:
1.The working classes were poor; living and working in terrible circumstances .
2.The middle classes grew rich and comfortable.
•A call for votes for all and for social reform by the chartist movement
•An increase in the population which grew from 2 million to 6.5 million inhabitants .
•Cities became bigger.
•Britain was the biggest manufacturing country in the world and the products were sold in the colonies which found a huge market.

* The events of the 1850s:
•1851: The First World Fair in the Crystal Palace in London. The Great Exhibition was regarded as the highest point of British imperialism were more than 14000 exhibitors from around the world gathered in the palace to display examples of the latest technology developed in the industrial revolution.
•1854-1856: Crimean War which was fought between the Russian Empire on one side, France and the Ottoman Empire on the other side. (Crimean was a former republic of the Soviet Union, now a region of Ukraine).
•1857-1858: The Indian Mutiny when Britain transformed the colony from private control into government hands.
* Note: This rebellion was also known as India's First war of Independence, the Revolt of 1857. That Indian rebellion of 1857 began as a mutiny in the town of Meerut and soon erupted into other mutinies and civilian rebellions in central India. It showed that all was not well in the colonies.
•1859: On the Origin of Species by Charles Darwin. The book (man was descended from apes) questioned the belief of the age.
Charles Robert Darwin (1809-1882) was an English naturalist who realized that all species of life have evoked over the time from common ancestors

* Main Historical Events:
•1832: The 1st Reform Act: voting right extended.
•1848: The Year of Revolutions: many revolutions in Europe.
•1848: The publication of The Communist Manifesto which was written by the two communist theorists: Karl Marx (1818-1883) and Fredrick Engels. The book presents an analytical approach to the class struggle and problems of capitalism ; it is one of the world's most influential political manuscripts.
•1861: Death of Prince Albert; the husband of Queen Victoria.
•1861-1865: The American Civil War; a war between the Southern and Northern States led by President Lincoln.
* Note: Abraham Lincoln (1809-1865) was the 16th president of the United States serving from 1861 till 1865.
•1868: Foundation of the Trades Union Congress.
•1867: A second reform act.
•1870s: International communications led by Britain: postal services and telephone communications.
•1870: Education made law for children (5-13)
•1870s: A republican movement after the many protests against the monarchy .
•1876: Queen Victoria became Empress of India.
•1899-1902: The Boer War in South Africa (between the UK and Africa) for the expansion of the British Empire.
* The Victorian society was a successful society explicitly but implicitly it was a society full of problems. This fact was tried to be shown by many writers [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذه الصورة]

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